雅思考试主要是通过对考生听、说、读、写四个方面英语能力的考核,综合测评考生的英语沟通运用能力,实现“沟通为本”的考试理念。对于雅思考生来说,也有很多考试难点和政策盲区需要帮助解答。今天雅思无忧网小编准备了文章雅思阅读词汇中的“死猜”-前缀篇,希望通过文章来解决雅思考生这方面的疑难问题,敬请关注。
三、怎样“死猜”
(一)根据构词法
英语词汇量的增加离不开构词法的存在,而雅思学习中常见的构词法有词缀法,合成词法,词性转换法等等。下面是对各个方法的详细介绍,并附有剑桥阅读文章中的句子作为实例,其中 C4T1P1 表示该例句选自剑桥四,套题阅读篇文章,其他依此类推。
1 、前缀法 prefixation
( 1 )否定前缀 —— a- , dis- , in- ( il- , im- , ir- ), non- , un- 等,例如:
① Disenchantment with orthodox medicine has seen the popularity of alternative therapies in Australia climb steadily during the past 20 years. ( C4T2P2 )
解析: dis- (否定前缀) +enchant (使着迷) +-ment (名词后缀) = 失望;即便猜不出该词汇的具体意义,至少我们可以看出它是贬义词。
② Becoff studied coyote pups at play and found that the kind of behaviour involved was markedly variable and unpredictable . ( C4T2P3 )
解析: un- (否定前缀) +pre (提前) +-dict- (说) +-able (能的,有能力的) = 不可预测的
③ But a linguist’s personal judgments are often uncertain , or disagree with the judgments of other linguists. ( C4T3P3 )
解析: un-+certain (确切的) = 不确定的; dis- (不) +agree (同意) = 不同意
④ Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. ( C4T3P3 )
解析: non-+verbal (言语的) = 非言语的
( 2 )反向前缀 —— de- , dis- , un- 等,例如:
① In many countries, deregulation has helped to drive the process long. ( C6T1P1 )
解析: de- (去掉) +regulate (制定规则) +-ion (名词后缀) = 去制度,解除制度
② One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. ( C6T2P1 )
解析: un-+cover (盖) = 发现,揭示
( 3 )贬义前缀 —— mal - , mis- , pseudo- 等,例如:
① Malnutrition poses a challenge for all low-income developing countries, large or small.
解析: mal-+nutrition (营养) = 营养不良;或者至少可以猜出此词是贬义词汇。
② There is no greater misfortune than not to be able to endure misfortune .
解析: mis-+fortune (幸运) = 不幸
③ Only a pseudo-economics can seek to offer a background for rational economic planning.
解析: pseudo- (假的,伪的) +economics= 伪经济学
( 4 )尺寸 、程度前缀 —— arch- , extra- , hyper- , macro- , micro- , mini- , out- , over- , sub- , super- , sur- , ultra- , under- 等,例如:
① Understandably, perhaps, they some times overstate their arguments. ( C5T1P1 )
解析: over- (多) +state (评论,说) = 夸张
② They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these single factors. ( C6T2P2 )
解析: under- (不足) +estimate (估计) = 低估
( 5 )倾向、态度前缀 —— anti- , contra- , counter- , pro- 等,例如:
① State ownership of airlines railways and airlines regulation of freight rates and toleration of anti-competitive practices, …. ( C6T1P2 )
解析: anti- (反,对抗) +competitive (竞争的) = 反对竞争的
② It is precisely in the particularity of contradiction that the universality of contradiction resides.
解析: contra- (抵消、对抗) +dict (说) +-ion (名词后缀) = 抵消
③ He took two days off to counterbalance the overtime the week before.
解析: counter- (抵消) +balance (平衡) = 抵消、抗衡
( 6 )方位前缀 —— extra- , fore- , inter- , intra- , tele- , trans- 等,例如:
① After about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the language to the next generation. ( C4T2P1 )
解析: trans- (跨越) +-mit (传播) = 传输
② …the term AI was avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as… . ( C5T3P3 )
解析: sub- (下) +disciplines (学科) = 分支学科
③ …not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants . ( C5T4P1 )
解析: in- (里面) +habit (住) +-ant (表“人”后缀) = 居民
④ They can survive in the forest understorey under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate. ( C5T4P3 )
解析: under- (下) +storey (层) = 下层
( 7 )时间、顺序前缀 —— ex- , fore- , post- , pre- , re- 等,例如:
But volcanoes are not very predictable . ( C4T3P2 )
解析: pre- (提前、预先) +dict (说) +-able (能的,有能力的) = 可以预测的
( 8 )数字前缀
表示“一半”— semi- (拉丁), hemi- (希腊);
表示“一”— uni- (拉丁) , mono- (希腊) ;
表示“二”— bi- (拉丁), di- (希腊);
表示“三”— tri- (希腊);
表示“四”— quadr- (拉丁), tetra- (希腊) ;
表示“五”— quint- (拉丁) , pent- (希腊);
表示“六”— sex- (拉丁), hexa- (希腊);
表示“七”— sept- (拉丁); hept- (希腊);
表示“八”— octa- ;
表示“九”— non- (拉丁); enne- (希腊);
表示“十”— deci- (拉丁), deca- ;
表示“百”— cent- (拉丁), hect- (希腊);
表示“千”— mil- (拉丁), kilo- (希腊);
表示“万”— mega- (希腊)
表示“许多”— multi- (拉丁), poly- (希腊);
例如:
① The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gun powder attached near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the same time and had a range of 400 paces. ( C3T1P1 )
解析: octa- (八) +gon (角) +-al (形容词后缀) = 八角的
② “Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of bilingualism ,” he says. ( C4T2P1 )
解析: bi- (二) +lingual (语言的) +-ism (名词后缀) = 双语(即具有或能说两种语言)
③ Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic ( the result of chemical action on a natural substances ) . ( C5T2P1 )
解析: semi- (一半) +synthetic (合成的) = 半合成品
④ …such as cargo-handling monopolies , all keep the cost of shipping unnecessarily high and deter international trade. ( C6T1P2 )
解析: mono- (一、单) +poly (统治) +-es (名词复数后缀) = 垄断
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